HP SL5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HP SL5 - Essay Example When Carly Fiorina replaced Lew Platt as CEO and president of Hewlett-Packard in 1999, the company had become a gigantic bureaucracy with business units doing their own thing. Profits had fallen along with employee productivity and customer satisfaction. In short, HP had become a technology laggard and was weak in marketing as well. Fiorina, the first female CEO of a Dow Jones-listed company, set out to transform HP from an engineering company to a leading technology solutions company focused on the marketplace. Hewlett-Packard Company was a leading global provider of computing and imaging solutions and services with total revenue of $45.2 billion, per its 2001financial report. The new CEO immediately went to work to reduce operational costs and to put in place a new strategic direction for the company. In September 2001, Hewlett Packard and Compaq, after months of negotiation, concluded a horizontal merger agreement to create a global technology leader, providing a complete set of IT products and services for both businesses and consumers, worth $87 billion in revenues. It was intended to compete with and perhaps edge out competitors Dell and IBM and become the foremost global player in servers, imaging and printing, and would belong to the top 3 in IT services, storage and management software. Fiorina said that recession and bitter competition from main rivals Dell and IBM left the two competitors HP and Compaq no choice but to consolidate to cut costs and streamline product categories, adding that the merger would result in a cost synergy of $2.5 billion a year. It was, she said, an effective way to deal with the cost pressure caused by Dell Computer. Inasmuch as the NT server business was doing poorly, the merger should address the problem of loss of revenues and momentum in generating sales and profits. The combination was to catapult the new company into industry leadership role with customers and

Fundamental Attribution Error Essay Example for Free

Fundamental Attribution Error Essay The fundamental attribution error is when a person overestimates the influence of another person’s personality over a remark or behavior rather than giving credit to the influence the situation may have on the person. A famous experiment demonstrating this â€Å"error† was conducted by David Napolitan and George Goethals. In this experiment, they instructed a woman to act either rude and critical, or warm and friendly to each person individually. Half of the group was told that the woman would be acting spontaneously, and the other half was let in on the experiment. The result was that the assumptions about her personality did not change even though half the group had known that she was an actor. Each group assumed that because the woman behaved coldly, her personality was so. Even the group who was told that her behavior was situational had still believed that she was warm and friendly because of the way she was acting in the situation. Many times, we find that we commit this error. If we simply looked at a situation from the other person’s point of view, perhaps they were having a bad day; we would then understand their behavior and perhaps even become sympathetic toward them. This relates to me because I tend to make this error a lot throughout the day. Many times, however, it has to do with my situation as well. For example, if I am having a bad day, it makes me harder to sympathize and/or understand when someone else is having a bad day. It’s like I don’t see it. Their bad attitude is just like another notch of bad onto the belt of bad day: another thing that went wrong. However, if I stop to think about why this person is so snappy, I might be able to see that it is not just the type of person that they are, but it is perhaps the situation that they were put in.

Criminal Accountability and the Essay example -- Biology Essays Resear

Criminal Accountability and the "I" Function The prevalence and misuse of the insanity defense in our legal system is astounding. Cases upon cases site drugs, brain tumors, car accidents involving head injury, blackouts and antisocial behavior as circumstantial evidence of a crime that was committed. These crimes involve murder, rape and robbery. The question of where criminal accountability lies and how we are able to hold someone accountable for an act may boil down to the brain itself. Where in the brain do reason, morality and inhibition lie? If these areas are affected by some disorder does that then mean that a criminal is no longer held accountable for their actions? Is there a specific area of the brain where accountability itself may lie? These seem to be questions that are not only debated in the classroom, but hospitals and courtrooms as well. The classic example of this dilemma is the case of Phineas Gage. Phineas lived circa 1845 and was a railroad worker known for being a kind and generous family man. However, Phineas suffered from a unfortunate accident. After a dynamite explosion caused a metal rod to be passed through Phineas's head, he was a changed man. Phineas no longer was interested in family life, his personality seemed somehow changed. He became a drifter and a rebel and has left scientists wondering to this day how he was able to be totally unaffected by a metal rod being passed through his skull despite the obvious change in his moral reasoning and values (1). This has led neurologists to believe that moral reasoning and the existence of values may be localized to one are of the brain. How else can we explain Phineas? Neuroscientists at the University of Iowa were interested in this phenomeno... ...ing of the brain itself. The legal system has to follow brain research. While we may not find exactly where the "I" is, we can become much closer to understanding what disorders truly effect the ability to understand one's actions and be held accountable for them. WWW Sources 1) Cyberpunks.org , http://cyberpunks.org/display/176/article/ 2) The Biological Basis of Morality part 2 , http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/98apr/bio2.htm 3)"> The Biological Basis of Morality , http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/98apr/biomoral.htm 4)"> Aggression and Insanity , http://www.forensic-psychologist.com/pub/or12-3.html 5)"> Mincey vs. Head , http://www.law.emory.edu/11circuit/mar2000/97-9078.man.html 6)"> Mental Illness and Criminal Responsibility , search results for "insanity defense" and "mental illness" https://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/,

Alternatives to High Fructose Corn Syrup Essay -- Artificial Sweetener

High Fructose Corn Syrup: Alternatives/Prevention Abstract: This report presents alternative foods to replace the ones with the dangerous sugar, high fructose corn syrup. The effects of high fructose corn syrup consumption were researched to find alternative methods of obtaining the same types of foods without the nasty effects. Alternative foods that ranged from diet bars to cough syrup were found. These foods don’t contribute to the rise in obesity and diabetes type II and taste just as good at the ones that do contribute to obesity and diabetes type II. It was also observed that the foods that are eaten on the Atkins diet are good alternatives because of the low carbohydrate intake. High carbohydrate foods are the prime source of high fructose corn syrup. Alternatives and Prevention Nobody thinks of sugar when they see a field of corn, but most of us would find that most of the sweeteners that sweeten our food are made with corn rather than sugar. High fructose corn syrup is made by processing corn starch to yield glucose, then processing the glucose to yield a high percentage of fructose. This fructose may be cheaper than using glucose as a sweetener, but it has horrible effects on the body. There are tests when rats were fed high fructose corn syrup for a period of time, which yielded disastrous results. The rats all developed high cholesterol, anemia, and hypertrophy, which means that their hearts grew until they exploded! As for humans, diabetes and obesity skyrocketed when high fructose corn syrup was released (Linda Forristal, 2001). High fructose corn syrup is found in an abundance of foods. It is found in foods that one would use on a daily basis. For example, high fructose corn syrup is found in the crumbs used ... ... Sources Forristal, Linda Joyce. â€Å"The Murky World of High Fructose Corn Syrup.† http://www.westonaprice.org/motherlinda/cornsyrup.html. 2003. Weston A. Price Foundation. 25 July 2006. Hopkins, Kate. â€Å"Foods and Products Containing HFCS.† http://www.accidentalhedonist.com/index.php/2005/06/09/ foods_and_products_containing_high_fruct. 2005. 25 July 2006. Adams, Mike. â€Å"Consumption of soft drinks and high-fructose corn syrup linked to obesity and diabetes.† http://www.newstarget.com/003002.html. 2004. 25 July 2006. Dimas, Jennifer. â€Å"GROUNDBREAKING DIABETES AND OBESITY PREVENTION PROGRAM AT COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY RECEIVES NATIONAL RECOGNITION.† http://newsinfo.colostate.edu/index.asp?page=news_item_display&news_item_id=220682550. 2005. Colorado State University. 25 July 2006 Anonymous. â€Å"Atkin’s Diet and Low-Carb News.† http://www.lowcarb.ca/. 2006. 25 July 2006.

Accreditation Audit AFT Essay

A1. Compliance Status The ongoing survey readiness audits that are conducted in the hospital on a daily basis have identified areas we will focus on to ensure that our accreditation survey results are exceptional. Audits are performed on an ongoing basis with a focus on trends that are most commonly cited by the Joint Commission. Nightingale hospital has proven to have made great improvements over prior survey findings in Emergency Management, Human Resources, Leadership, Medical Staff, Nursing Care, Provision of Care, Treatment and Services, Information Management, Handoff Communication and critical value reporting. We have placed an abundance of resources and efforts into improvement in these categories and will continue to make strides to further improve every aspect of the care we provide to our patients. (The Joint Commission, 2013) A2. Noncompliant Trends The areas we have identified that are not in compliance with the Joint Commission standards are: 1) Environment of care findings with numerous smoke wall penetrations, interim life safely measures for construction projects, blocked fire extinguishers, lack of sufficient evidence of adequate fire drills, lack of testing for medical gas alarm panels, blocked sprinkler clearance as well as cluttered hallways. 2) Falls has continue to be a challenge for our organization and will continue to be a focus for every department in our hospital. 3) Moderate sedation is an area that has been identified that needs a hardwired process for not only the hospital but for the anesthesia providers. The Joint Commission standards for moderate sedation compliance will require teamwork from the hospital and anesthesia group. 4) Pain assessment and reassessment is an ongoing primary focus area that we have not mastered in our organization. We have developed performance improvement processes to work toward compliance. This standard is a focus for every inpatient and outpatient department of our hospital. 5) Authentication of verbal orders continues to be monitored, but remains a challenge for our hospital. 6) Prohibited abbreviations are used periodically throughout our organization and is a piece of our daily audits when performing open record reviews. 7) Medication Management is a  priority focus area for our hospital, which we continue to struggle with various elements of this standard. We are focusing in particular on range order compliance and labeling medications. A3a. Staffing Patterns The case study shows that on unit 4E has the most opportunity for improvement in the number of patient falls and hospital acquired pressure ulcers. The comparison of falls and nursing care hours appears to be inconclusive, however appears to be a trend developing. The data appears that the staffing nursing hours per patient day have increase during the fourth quarter. In October, the falls per 1000 patient days was around 9. During October, the nursing hours per patient day were approximately five. November shows an increase in falls per patient day to 11.5 with nursing hours per patient day of 15.5. December continues the trended increase to 15 falls per 1000 patient days and 15 nursing hours per patient day. The data shows that the more hours per patient day we have, the more falls per 1000 patient days we experience. The data for pressure ulcer prevention follows the same trends. A3b. Staffing Plan The study has shown that the number of staff available is not causing the increase in the patient falls. The staff are obviously not rounding effectively on their patients, and being proactive in fall prevention. The plan to decrease nosocomial pressure ulcers and prevent falls will be presented to all staff on 4E by 4/15/2014 and fully implemented immediately. The new action plan will be evaluated for the remaining second quarter and if successful, will be implemented throughout the organization. The plan will utilize 10 hours per patient day, which is the average of the last quarter. The plan will require the staff to be more efficient and round with purpose in order to stay focused on the needs of the patients. This increased focus should prove to decrease the number of falls per 1000 days. Action Plan: 1) Mandatory education by 4/15/2014 to all staff on 4E 2) All patients will be rounded on hourly beginning 4/16/2014 3) All hourly rounds will address the 4 P’s (Pain, potty, possessions and position) a. Pain i. Is patient experiencing pain at this time ii. If so, ask patient to rate their pain iii. Depending on pain level, offer medication or other intervention b. Potty i. Does the patient need to use the restroom, urinal or ambulate to bathroom and if so, assist them to prevent falls and stay with them until completed c. Possessions i. Is call light, phone, meals, etc†¦ within reach of patient? The patient having their possessions within reach will minimize their need to reach or ambulate without assistance to answer the phone, etc†¦ which will prevent falls d. Position i. Is it time to change the patient’s position (left to right, ambulate, etc†¦) the changing of position frequently will assist in the prevention of pressure ulcers. 4) Each staff member ta performs the hourly round will document each round on the rounding log that will be located in the patient room. Rounds can be done by either the nurse or nurse’s assistant, as long as all needs for medication or other special needs will be immediately addressed by the nurse. The action plan presented will ensure that the patients are seen and their needs are met on an hourly basis. The staff will anticipate the needs of all patients by addressing the areas that cause the majority of falls. The patients will know the staff will be returning within an hour and will no longer have a need to utilize their call light unless in an emergency. The call lights will decrease, which will create a more organized unit that is very focused on being proactive with all patients. The results will be evaluated and changes and update to the plan will be made where necessary to continue improving the fall and pressure ulcer rate on this unit. B. Sources NONE

When to Walk Away

When to Walk Away A few years ago I saw an announcement for the Tony Hillerman contest. Named after the great mystery novelist, the contest has very specific rules, including where the novel must take place. The winner receives a publishing contract with St. Martins and a nice advance. With the deadline three months away, I dove in and wrote Wink of an Eye like a madwoman. But forty-thousand words into the manuscript, I realized there was no way I could complete it, have it edited, and polish it for submission in such a short time. I was not going to submit a very rough first draft. So I chucked the contest but kept the manuscript, kept working with it, hoping to submit somewhere, someday. My critique group edited the story, but I wound up shelving the book for a while as I moved on to other projects. Then two years ago at a conference, I had the opportunity to pitch to an agent. The agent loved Wink of an Eye, saying the voice had tremendous potential. But her next words made me blink. â€Å"I know I can sell this to a small press.† At the risk of sounding arrogant, I knew I could sell it to a small press. But when the agent told me to send the entire manuscript, excitement urged me to oblige. A week or so later, I received an email from the agency intern saying, yes, she loved it too! But we had a few problems. Good voice, but too much dialogue. Excessive description because it was too visual; per the intern, having readers say they can â€Å"see it as a movie† isnt a good thing. Oh, and the beginning had to change. But they loved it and knew it would sell to any number of small presses. I scratched my head at what was supposed to be my big break. A real agent wanted to represent my work. So why wasnt I doing back flips? I went to work on the suggested revisions and soon had several documents named Wink rewrite, Wink rewrite2, Wink rewrite3, and so on . . . until I said enough. Some of the changes I agreed with- like changing a passive verb- but the dialogue and descriptive imagery stayed. This story was my ba So what happened to Wink of an Eye? I submitted it to the St. Martins Press/Minotaur Books Best 1st Private Eye Novel Competition and the darn thing won. With all its dialogue and descriptive imagery and even the occasional passive voice. It will be released November 18, 2014. I knew I had something good, and I stood

Centro Escolar University An Undergraduate School Essays

Centro Escolar University An Undergraduate School Essays Centro Escolar University An Undergraduate School Essay Centro Escolar University An Undergraduate School Essay A Thesis Presented to Ms. E. Cajayon Centro Escolar University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management by Vlairene J. BracamonteFerdinand Ken Banson Rynyll Dyx G. BernalAce H. Magat Edlloyd R. Panim CHAPTER I The Problem and Its Background Introduction Centro Escolar University is one of the schools that are supporting the program for operational improvement and this is the 7S.The 7S stands for Sort, Sweep, Systematize, Standardize, Safety, Security, and Self- Discipline. The common problems that are encountered by the students are time management, being disorganized, productivity, and attitude problem. Implementing the 7S to Centro Escolar University will be a big help on the students to improve. As it helps them apply the 7S in their attitude make them organized and improve everything they do. Implementation of 7S to the students will greatly improve the students’ problems.This can help them motivate to do things better and can boost their confidence. 7S is posted in every building in Centro Escolar University, this is to remind the students to practice and apply the 7S in everything they do. The researchers are future BSHRM graduates. They feel that 7S are very appropriate to their future career. In this reason why they were obliged to assess the knowledge and practices of 7S among third year HRM students of Centro Escolar University. Background of the StudyThis study is focused on 7S and if the third year HRM students know how to use 7S and if they are applying the 7S in their laboratory exercises and in their daily routine. The researchers have conducted the survey about the 7S by giving questionnaires to the HRM third year students. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to find out how do third year level Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management of Centro Escolar University implement and follow the 7S during laboratory exercises. Specifically, this study soug ht to answer the following questions: 1.What was the profile of the respondents in terms of: 2. 1. Name 2. 2. Age 2. 3. Gender 2. What are the practices of the third year BSHRM students with regard to 7S? 3. What is the knowledge of the third year BSHRM students with regard to 7S? 4. How do the respondents apply the 7S in their laboratory exercises? 5. What is the importance of 7S inside the laboratory? Objective of the Study The objective of the study is to know if the third year HRM students are applying the 7S in their laboratory exercises. Assumption of the StudyThis study is based on the assumption of the respondents that are truthful and honest in answering the survey questionnaire. At the end of the study, the readers will have knowledge about the importance of 7S. This study will also give information not only to the respondents but also to other students, employees, faculty staff, and future researchers. Significance of the Study This study will help the readers gain knowle dge about the importance of 7S. It will also help them to be organized on their daily work.This study will also be beneficial to the students, faculty members, and school employees. This can also help the future researchers; it will help them expand their knowledge about 7S practices and add more details on their future studies. Scope and Limitation of the Study The study is focused on the 7S and if the respondents applying it within the food laboratory. The number of respondents was limited to 40 persons only because the school only has 4 sections open from the third year HRM students. Conceptual framework InputProcessOutput Implementing the 7S being organize Proper time management * Students * Faculty Staff * Employee Survey questions about 7S Chapter II Review of Related Studies Foreign Literature â€Å"The goal and process of the first â€Å"S† is organization. The sort process distinguishes needed items from unneeded items and removes the latter. This process forces p eople to remove all items not currently needed for work, whether they are in the factory or in the office. It is initially the most difficult for people who are afraid to let go of parts, machines, and data just in case they may be needed in the future.However, red-tagging items allows workers to set aside and evaluate items and information in terms of their usefulness and frequency of use. The items and information are returned, stored elsewhere, sold, given away, or thrown away. Red tagging is best done in one target area at a time and within one or two days. When red tagging is completed, problems and annoyances in the workflow are reduced, communication between workers is improved, product quality is increased, and productivity is enhanced. † â€Å"Many believe that 5S is a must-have tool.For any of the tools in the toolkit for becoming lean quick changeover, total productive maintenance, mistake proofing, and so on 5S significantly helps in both the implementation and sustaining of improvements. The Gold Standard for 5S is that anyone should be able to find anything in their own workplace in less than 30 seconds, and anywhere else in the workplace in less than 5 minutes without talking to anyone, opening a book, or turning on a computer. 5S is the foundation for successful lean implementation. S is the tool to begin, support, and sustain the lean journey. † â€Å"The implementation team, typically consisting of supervisors and team leaders, is the next group to be trained. Requiring the same training as upper management plus training in team leadership, they should receive practical training through the implementation of pilot projects. A good approach is to carry out one pilot program under the leadership of the 5S advisor (a consultant or internal resource fully experienced in all aspects of 5S) and then to carry out a second one on their own.A program committee that includes the plant manager and some of the area workers should coordina te the preliminary work. Once the preliminary work is completed, plans describing implementation of the Five S campaign should be prepared and released. When the results are satisfactory, the program can then be launched company wide. † â€Å"5S  has been practiced amongst many Japanese companies for many years and it is unclear when and where it was started. I was certainly before the  Toyota Production System,  Total Productive Maintenance  and even before Total  Quality  Management had been developed.It had been practiced in many companies, long before this time. Initially, it was started as seiri-seiton, as a combination of two words which were easy to pronounce, and later it was more sophisticated by adding the other three words  to make it a more comprehensive concept. The words seiri-seiton was used commonly in non-manufacturing areas, such as in schools, where students  were told by the teacher to do seiri-seiton of their desk, books and notes.? The wo rds were also used commonly in the offices most to mean the arrangements of documents and personal articles. â€Å"My theory is that having a clean, tidy, well maintained and organized workplace is not another post war miracle, or a tool that consultants wheel in and claim to be revolutionary†¦it’s just common sense and part of fostering a  culture  of continuous  improvement. † Notes http://emsstrategies. com/dm103103article. html http://nz. kaizen. com/5s/where-did-5s-come-from. html Questionnaire Name:Yearamp;Sec: Age:Gender: Direction: 1. What do you mean by 7S? 2. How do you apply 7S in the laboratory? 3. How often do you sanitize your workplace in the laboratory? . How often do you wash your hands during laboratory? 5. What is mise en place? 6. Do you still follow mise en place? 7. How do you sanitize your workplace? 8. Are you practicing the 7S? 9. Are you implementing 7S even outside the campus? 10. How do you apply safety in the laboratory? CHAPTER 3 Methodology This chapter deals with research methods and procedure used in conducting the study. This includes the method of research, sampling technique, respondents of the study, questionnaire, validation of the questionnaire and statistical treatment.Method of Research used The researchers used the descriptive method of research. This is designed for the investigation to gather information about presenting existing condition, or simply the systematic process of gathering, analyzing and tabulating the information about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, trends, cause, and effect to make accurate interpretation of such data. This method was used because of its quality of representing and containing description. It is used to analyze data taken from the questionnaire answered by the respondents.This described the assessment of knowledge and practices of 7S among 3rd year BSHRM students of CEU Manila. Subject of the Study The subject of the study consisted of the 3rd year B SHRM students of Centro Escolar University Manila. The researchers used survey questionnaire in the collection of data gathered from the respondents. This is a list of research or survey questions asked to the respondents, and designed to extract specific information. The researchers distributed 40 survey questionnaires to selected third year level Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management.The data gathered were then tallied in a quantitative form and expressed in frequency and distribution. Validation of the Instrument The questionnaire was first presented to the research adviser for face validation as well as content validation. Statistical Treatment The researchers used Sloven’s formula as statistical treatment. The size of the sample and the size of the population were derived, by dividing population, by one and add the population multiplied by margin of error. The formula is shown as follows; Formula: Where: n = the size of the sample or respondents N= the s ize of the population e = margin of error

Free Essays on Bigger Thomas Masculinity Challenged In Native Son

Bigger Thomas’ masculinity is often challenged in Native Son. The females he interacts with challenge it. None of the females in Native Son are independent; the females are of no real importance until they are in relation to males’ figures of authority (Clause, np). The women are only in relation to the husbands, sons, fathers, brothers and boyfriends: without them they could not function alone in this novel. The sole purpose of the women in this novel is to further the story. They further the story by putting Bigger in new and more dangerous situations by questioning or threatening his male authority. Native Son starts out with a rat in the apartment on Bigger and his family. Bigger kills the rat that attacked his leg and he comes to the understanding he would either kill himself or someone else (Wright, 14). This logic stays with Bigger throughout the novel. He knows if he wanders aimlessly in life that his dreams and ambitions will be killed. He, himself with no longer and exist because his thoughts and ideas will no longer be his own. Bigger puts up fences and defends him in anyway that he can, including violence. Throughout the novel Bigger’s defenses increase and he defends himself with increasing violence and hostility. Bigger is always defensive about his self-image, especially his masculinity. Mary Dalton, Mrs. Thomas, Bessie Mears and Mrs. Dalton all have one sole purpose in the novel and that is to create a feeling of insecurity in Bigger Thomas’ life. Mrs. Thomas is the most intimidating female in Bigger’s life; she is his mother. She nags Bigger hoping to influence changes in his life. All she accomplishes to make Bigger more angry and hostile. Bigger dies not have much respect for his mother because he feels she blindly and passively accepts her living conditions, not just the place she calls home, but also her place in society and life. Mrs. Thomas insults her son while he is trying t... Free Essays on Bigger Thomas' Masculinity Challenged In Native Son Free Essays on Bigger Thomas' Masculinity Challenged In Native Son Bigger Thomas’ masculinity is often challenged in Native Son. The females he interacts with challenge it. None of the females in Native Son are independent; the females are of no real importance until they are in relation to males’ figures of authority (Clause, np). The women are only in relation to the husbands, sons, fathers, brothers and boyfriends: without them they could not function alone in this novel. The sole purpose of the women in this novel is to further the story. They further the story by putting Bigger in new and more dangerous situations by questioning or threatening his male authority. Native Son starts out with a rat in the apartment on Bigger and his family. Bigger kills the rat that attacked his leg and he comes to the understanding he would either kill himself or someone else (Wright, 14). This logic stays with Bigger throughout the novel. He knows if he wanders aimlessly in life that his dreams and ambitions will be killed. He, himself with no longer and exist because his thoughts and ideas will no longer be his own. Bigger puts up fences and defends him in anyway that he can, including violence. Throughout the novel Bigger’s defenses increase and he defends himself with increasing violence and hostility. Bigger is always defensive about his self-image, especially his masculinity. Mary Dalton, Mrs. Thomas, Bessie Mears and Mrs. Dalton all have one sole purpose in the novel and that is to create a feeling of insecurity in Bigger Thomas’ life. Mrs. Thomas is the most intimidating female in Bigger’s life; she is his mother. She nags Bigger hoping to influence changes in his life. All she accomplishes to make Bigger more angry and hostile. Bigger dies not have much respect for his mother because he feels she blindly and passively accepts her living conditions, not just the place she calls home, but also her place in society and life. Mrs. Thomas insults her son while he is trying t...

Contingency Planning Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contingency Planning Outline - Essay Example The next step is to outline the components of the plan; risk areas (McIntosh, 2007). In response to this, this paper will identify all the possible responses to the risks involved. These responses would also consider external and internal issues associated with them. It will also look at the human and financial resources needed and the problems with obtaining them. This paper will identify the issues that would hinder the accommodation of one or both of the conventions at the same time. The aim is to have both conventions but possibly at a different time. If, however, this is not possible, the aim would change to accommodate only one convention without losing the other customer for future conventions. External issues are all those problems that have nothing to do with the resort itself, but with everything else outside of it. These are all the peripheral issues that could hinder the resort in accommodating both the conventions on the same day. Internal issues, on the other hand, are problem areas within the resort. These are issues that would get in the way of the accommodation of both or one of the major conventions and so will need to be considered. Contingency planning means to plan for risks so that it can be known how to deal with them beforehand, in case they occur. It is important because it allows people to see the various ways in which a risk can be dealt with. Each response would consider external and internal issues and the human and financial resources required. Possible responses or a contingency plan for the risks identified include: Reschedule other insignificant, smaller appointments that are taking up extra and more than necessary meeting space. The external issues to consider would be the significance and profitability of the smaller party involved. If this insignificant appointment can lose an important, valuable customer for the resort, this option will

Product Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Product Assessment - Essay Example Considering the storage, it can offer a storage space of 5 times greater than the DVD’s. The disc was jointly developed by Blu Ray Disc Association (BDA) with companies that are the leading manufacturers in consumer products and computers. Blu ray uses a blue laser instead of red which is present in DVD’s and CD’s for much greater focus and precision. The concept had also been supported by Hollywood studios and planned to release their movies on blu ray discs instead of DVD’s (Taylor, Zink, Crawford, & Armbrust, 2009). The target market for Blu ray disc are the people who wants to store excessive amount of data or the market that has likes for watching movies in high definition with clear pixels. The corporate are also considered to be their target market considering different Hollywood studio who agreed to release their movies in blu ray discs. The U.S census data highlights that the total penetration of Blu ray devices in United States is 40.8 Billion. The total spending on the blu ray disc in 2012 has been $2.22 Billion (Prange, 2012). In today’s world, technology is changing at a rapid pace and so are the consumer preferences. The company develops a product on the basis of preference for consumers and their interest. However, if a consumer finds right and suitable in adopting a technology which is much cheaper than the current idea then the new technology has chances of failure. Similarly, in the same context consumers preferences are changing and cheaper versions technology is being adopted. The U.S census data reports that the market for blu ray has declined from $2.6 Billion to $2.4 Billion (Edwards, 2012). The main reason being for this change is known to be an economic downturn. The age of digital download has arrived and customers are diverted to these preferences instead of buying a blu ray disc and storing the data. Digital download is a cheaper option and does not require money

Thinkers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thinkers - Assignment Example Marx is considered to be is one of the founders of the International Working Men’s Association. The philosophy of George Friedrich Hegel is one of his most important intellectual influences and Karl Marx remains incomplete without the study of Hegel. He died at London, United Kingdom on March 14, 1883 (Engels, 1869). Karl Marx identified and shed light on the ills of capitalism and explained how it could be challenged. People of the world took his ideas as a guide towards changing the system of the world despite the regular efforts by the supporters of Capitalism to bury his ideas. He, along with Frederick Engels, identified the inevitable fault of a capitalist society that is class struggle; therefore, his dialectic holds Communism as the perfect and final form of the State that makes possible the appropriate use of human abilities. He believed that in the end socialism will replace capitalism and this world will be a classless society ensuring the rise of working class. Abov e all, Marx was a revolutionist whose main aim was to put an end to capitalism and contribute towards the liberation of the modern proletariat. As far as the influence of Marx’s ideas and beliefs on the world, as a whole, is concerned, most of the Americans have already accepted his main ideas unconsciously and uncritically despite the otherwise claims of the anti-Marxists. American and western businessmen who claim to be against the whole concept of communism are frequently found to be the ones who are convinced of the truthfulness of Marx’s ideas. They seem to have very little or no ideological defense against his Communist ideas when they encounter them under another name or are introduced to them without being labeled. Marx’s ideas have seemed to open the minds of American to their own propaganda. However, on the other hand, to label the ideas brewing in their minds as Marx’s might lighten some of their effective and successful talking points. At the same time, they are under the influence that depression cannot be solved by capitalism. He is one of the influential people whose ideas have such a strong impact even on those who think they abhor Marx and his beliefs. These ideas have an injurious influence on capitalist economy, clear political thinking and democratic action. The more politically radical European intellectuals have been influenced greatly by the ideologies of communism as well as socialism. Apart from economics and politics, he has a great influence on the way people think about culture despite the fact that he is not a pure cultural theorist (Rose, 1951). Marx’s hostility towards Europe, sometimes, resulted in strange extremes. For instance, he criticized the opposition to the Crimean war by calling the British Prime minister, Lord Palmerstone, a traitor and a paid agent of Russia. In the same way, Marx’s hatred for the Prussian monarchy can be observed his struggle with his Russian competitor Mikha il Bakunin for control of the International Working Men’s Association (Sperber, 2013). It is beyond doubt that Marx’s ideas about the commodity nature of Capitalist production plays an important role in describing the exploitation of working class under the system of profit. For Marx, class struggle was the major fault line of the Capitalist society which, indeed, is true even in the modern world for this

The Autonomous Value of Savings and the Marginal Propensity Research Paper

The Autonomous Value of Savings and the Marginal Propensity - Research Paper Example The marginal propensity to consume is the slope of the above curve, the marginal propensity to consume value determines how the consumption of a consumer responds to a change in income, the value of the marginal propensity to consume is greater than zero but less than 1, this means that when income increases all the increase is not used for consumption purposes but saved or invested in other income-generating projects, that is why the marginal propensity to consume is greater than 0 but less than 1. Savings is the amount of income that is not consumed and consumers prefer to save in banks or invest, when income increases then there is a possibility that savings will increase, Keynes stated that savings are a function of income, for this reason, therefore, the savings function can be stated as follows: S = F(Y). The savings function can be stated as follows: S = a1 + a2 (Y-T) Where a is the autonomous value which we expect to be zero or negative, a2 is the marginal propensity to save which is greater than zero but less than 1, Y is income and T is tax, we can calculate the marginal propensity to consume as the change in savings divided by the change in income. This value shows the responsiveness of savings level due to an increase or decline in the level of income. The relationship between savings and income: this section considers the relationship between savings and consumption, when income increases then the level of savings and consumption increases, income is either consumed or saved, for this reason, therefore, there is a relationship between consumption and savings.

Conservation of state and national parks Research Paper

Conservation of state and national parks - Research Paper Example are under the National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA). This association has remained on the lead as the voice representing the American people since 1919; they focus mainly on the protection and the enhancement of the nation’s National Park System which is in place11. They are responsible in ensuring that the natural, historic and the cultural resource are not interfered with so that it can remain intact for the future generations. This is possible since the association works together with its partners, and members towards this common goal. NPCA greatly depends on the research done by its Center for State of the Parks (CSOTP). Lately, (CSOTP) mainly focuses on the general issues that affect the National Park System. As a result, its name was changed into the  Center for Park Research  (CPR). The key role of the  Center for Park Research is to provide scientific information concerning various systematic issues that affects the national parks and the appropriate sol utions. The rich national heritage of the United State is symbolized by various majestic national parks; the rugged Maine shores and the active volcanoes which are located in the Hawaiian Islands. All this have inspired the rest of the world to establish protected zones. In 2016, the U.S. national park service will be celebrating its 100th anniversary. The National Park Service (NPS) in the US has expanded rapidly. The country began with the Yosemite in 1864 and Yellowstone in 1872. Today there are several parks in the country with the units of park system being approximated to be over 390 in whole nation. Its coverage is estimated to be 83 million acres. Today, the national park system in America has much to share with countries who want to establish system of parks that are unified. However, the national parks in the US face a greater challenge of erosion of their unique and world class resource values in the coming century. It requires an appropriate policy to be implemented in o rder to prioritize on the various places that has to be preserved for the generations to come. Regardless of the superior image of the US national parks, they still face various challenges which include that of constant flow of anthropogenic works. This mostly is brought about by different visitors who want the park experiences to be commercialized to wide range of exciting recreation sports which can be destructive. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) clearly states that the national parks remain to be its category II type in the classification of its protected areas. IUCN highlights that the Northeast Greenland National Park remains to be the largest national park worldwide. It was founded in 1974. IUCN estimates the national parks to be close to 7000 all over the world. In 1969, national parks were declared by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), to be a fairly extensive area with specific characteristics used to define it. It was considered to be a place comprising of a number of ecosystems which are not interfered with by different human development and livelihood. A place with scientific benefits and interests that is educative and recreative. All these can be gained from the species of plants and animals and from the geomorphological sites. In addition to these, it was also described as a beautiful natural landscape. Secondly, it was defined to be an area where individuals with the most effective

The Autonomous Value of Savings and the Marginal Propensity Research Paper

The Autonomous Value of Savings and the Marginal Propensity - Research Paper Example The marginal propensity to consume is the slope of the above curve, the marginal propensity to consume value determines how the consumption of a consumer responds to a change in income, the value of the marginal propensity to consume is greater than zero but less than 1, this means that when income increases all the increase is not used for consumption purposes but saved or invested in other income-generating projects, that is why the marginal propensity to consume is greater than 0 but less than 1. Savings is the amount of income that is not consumed and consumers prefer to save in banks or invest, when income increases then there is a possibility that savings will increase, Keynes stated that savings are a function of income, for this reason, therefore, the savings function can be stated as follows: S = F(Y). The savings function can be stated as follows: S = a1 + a2 (Y-T) Where a is the autonomous value which we expect to be zero or negative, a2 is the marginal propensity to save which is greater than zero but less than 1, Y is income and T is tax, we can calculate the marginal propensity to consume as the change in savings divided by the change in income. This value shows the responsiveness of savings level due to an increase or decline in the level of income. The relationship between savings and income: this section considers the relationship between savings and consumption, when income increases then the level of savings and consumption increases, income is either consumed or saved, for this reason, therefore, there is a relationship between consumption and savings.

Healthcare Policy Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Policy Articles - Essay Example One reason that Brill presents s evidence for the failure of the Affordable Care Act relates to the withdraw of the administration of President Barrack Obama from negotiating and controlling prices of drugs intended for Medicare program. The second reason for the failure of the Obama Care is that policy makers for the program first compelled many people to subscribe to the program without prioritizing review and fixing of health care costs. This move saw large people subscribe to the program with no governmental effort to control costs. The result has been big profits for drug maker, insurance firms, hospitals, and incentives for doctors. The issues presented by Brill in his article present challenging situations to health care organizations and patients. The fact many health care organizations liaise with insurance companies to extort money from patients has led many people to resort to self-diagnosis and over the counter drugs. Patients also suffer because they have to pay huge ins urance premiums but receive inferior care at exaggerated costs. The stakeholders in the article are the nonprofit advocacy organization called MDRC through its President Gordon Berlin and the Center for Global Development. Gina Kolata who is the author of the article claims the Innovation Center established as part of the Obama Care to research on the best way to handle the program will not yield proper outcomes. To support the prediction, the author points at the small number of participants selected through non-random means.

Recommendations to the Wallace Group Essay Example for Free

Recommendations to the Wallace Group Essay Mr. Wallace, I have concluded my interviews with your team and have a list of recommendations based on priorities. The recommendations are unbiased and not intended to be personal attacks on the current management; they are based on the sound management principles and intended to maximize your company’s potential. a. Realign the corporate structure. Begin by recruiting a new board of directors using outside directors, â€Å"executives of other firms but are not employees of the board’s corporation†1, in addition to a limited number of management directors from inside the company. This combination of three companies working as independent entities is not working, they must be integrated and a different management organizational structure must be implemented. This group will be able to accomplish the next recommendation. b. Develop a mission statement and goals. The company must embark upon strategic management planning. This will include: †¢Clearer sense of strategic vision for the firm †¢Sharper focus on what is strategically important Improved understanding of a rapidly changing environment1 The Wallace group lacks vision and goals for its divisions and this leads to a lack of direction for the management team. A mission statement â€Å"defines the fundamental, unique purpose that sets a company apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of the company’s operations in terms of products offered and markets served†1. This business must develop a corporate wide strategic management plan to set a direction for the company and its shareholders. A part of this management planning would consist of SWOT analysis, strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation. This process is often referred to as Plan – Do – Act – Check or PDAC and is a continuous process. Making a profit today is not enough; there has to be an evaluation of where the company is now, where will it be in 2, 5, 10 years and how the company will attain those goals. c. Change the organizational chart: There needs to be an in-depth evaluation of the personnel currently in place. The current chart is one of vertical structure and should be revamped to be more horizontal. This accomplishes the goals of empowerment and coordination between the divisions. A glaring problem is the VP of the chemical division, J. Luskics, as he was the former owner that guided the company into foreclosure and appears to not be running the division efficiently now. The chemical division is not even internally competitive for the plastics or electronics divisions. Mr. Luskics should either be bought out of the company or reassigned to a position that he might be successful. There also is a redundancy among positions in the company, for example there are three directors of industrial relations, these positions should either be combined or incentivized to cooperate in the best interest of the company. d. Personnel development. There is no apparent leadership development in place and the company has relied on promoting technical staff to management positions which many are not equipped to handle. There needs to be a leadership development series initiated, leadership retreats to communicate and encourage relations amongst the teams, and perhaps some Management Assessment of Proficiency (MAP) testing to asses the current management team. Management development and succession planning must be implemented to ensure long term success. Job responsibilities need to be developed and implemented for all positions but specifically for the management team; including specific goals, budgeting, forecasting (long range planning), training, and staff satisfaction. . Communication. The lack of clear strategies, long term plans, goals and objectives has led to the recent revolt at the stockholders meeting. This is a clear indication of the frustration felt from the staff level up and the new direction of the company must be clearly communicated to all staff. Enthusiasm is contagious and the presentation of a new course for the company will be very exciting for staff. Employee surveys, sugges tion boxes and an engaging of the front line staff will do much to improve morale and spark improvements. I would like to commend you sir for creating a successful company but I do believe there are concrete steps that you can take to improve the future of this company. Mr. Wallace I believe the development of a vision will produce great results, with this vision you will attract personnel that want to be a part of a great company and profits for all involved will naturally follow. Remember â€Å"Visionary companies make some of their best moves by experimentation, trial and error, opportunism, and – quite literally – accident†2. I estimate that this plan of action will initially cost $1. 5 million but there will be cost savings realized in personnel reassignments, recruitment and retention, productivity, and a renewed sense of commitment that will be reflected in profits far surpassing the costs.

The effects of a binding minimum wage

The effects of a binding minimum wage Introduction A binding minimum wage leads to numerous detrimental effects in a competitive labour market. This essay will highlight what these effects are, and what the outcome of these effects will bring to the labour market. A labour market is defined by Parkin as a market where employers are on the demand side and workers are on the supply side. Firms decide how much labour to demand, and the lower the wage rate, the greater is the quantity demanded (Parkin, et al., 2008). It is said to be competitive when there is a surplus of workers that are seeking a job, with few employers willing to hire. A minimum wage is a price floor implemented by the government, which ensures that an employer must pay a minimum rate of pay to an employee, and anything lower than this rate of pay is illegal. A minimum wage is binding if it is set above the equilibrium wage (Parkin, et al., 2008). With a binding minimum, wage adjustments are blocked and the market is prevented from allocating labour resources (Parkin, et al., 2008). The Effects 2.1 The Labour Market due to the minimum wage In the labour market, there is said to be an equilibrium wage. This is where the demand and supply lines on the minimum wage graph intersect, as it is the point that the rate of pay is equivalent to that of the quantity of hours worked/required. A binding minimum wage in a competitive labour market means that this equilibrium point is offset as the rate of pay must rises. This can be shown using the following graph (Parkin, et al., 2008). With relation to part (a) of the Parkins graph previously, it is evident that the wage rate of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5 on the Y axis is the equilibrium price, and 21 million hours per week is the equilibrium quantity on the X axis. The minimum wage is below the equilibrium wage rate and is not binding (Parkin, et al., 2008). Where the rate of pay has increased, and all employees are being paid a higher wage, the hiring company cannot afford to hire as many employees as it will be too expensive, because not only do they have to pay wages for the skilled jobs, they also have to pay a higher wage than they would have intended for workers to perform the lower skilled jobs. Therefore this means that there will be workers on the supply side who will not be able to get a job, thus the unemployment rate will rise. This can be shown in part (b) of the graph (Parkin, et al., 2008). With relation to part (b), it can be seen that the minimum wage is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬6 an hour, which is above the equilibrium wage. The equilibrium wage is now illegal. At a minimum wage of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬6 an hour, 20 million of hours of labour are demanded and 22 million hours are supplied (Parkin, et al., 2008). This difference that has been created due to the binding minimum wage creates a surplus of 2 million hours of work per week in the graph, which means that the unemployment rate now rises. This new minimum wage also means that unemployed workers are willing to supply the 20 millionth hour for à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬4 (Parkin, et al., 2008). 2.2 Inefficiency of the Labour market due to the minimum wage The minimum wage is not efficient, as Parkin states it results in unemployment wasted labour resources and an inefficient amount of job search (Parkin, et al., 2008). When looking at a minimum wage graph, a deadweight loss is present. This occurs because of a decrease in both the workers surplus and the companys surplus. This is seen in the following graph (Parkin, et al., 2008). Also seen in this inefficiency graph is a potential loss from job search. This loss is said to arise because someone who finds a job earns à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬6 an hour but would have been willing to work for à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬4 (Parkin, et al., 2008). This inefficiency affects the labour market as it means there is a deadweight loss of 1 million hours of work per year. 3.0 What might soften my interpretation? The use of a minimum wage brings numerous detrimental effects to people. When looking at the outcomes of a minimum wage, it delivers an unfair result and imposes unfair rules (Parkin, et al., 2008). Parkin also states that this is unfair because only those who can find a job benefit, whereas the unemployed end up worse off than with no minimum wage (Parkin, et al., 2008).

Divorce is An American Family Tragedy Essay -- Informative Essays Fami

In America today, one of our main life goals is to marry the person we fall in love with, live happily ever after, and skip gleefully away to live the American dream. In most cases, after marriage then comes children which starts a family. This has been a part of human nature since the beginning. Marriage and family are the backbone of our culture. Families need each other for support, dependence, learning, love, encouragement, and ultimately survival. Parents are the ones that supply these needs, meanwhile supplying their own needs by depending on each other for love and support. Only the two of them can give this support because of what they are to each other, husband and wife. When two people get married, they are obviously in love and feel that they want to spend the rest of their lives with each other. They make the ultimate commitment to love one another and one another only, forsaking all others til death do they part. So if this is such an important part of our culture and we have such high goals to get married, then why do 40% of marriages end in divorce? Why does America have the highest divorce rate in the world? What makes couple who previously had fallen madly in love fall out of love and into divorce? What are the main causes of divorce and what are some of the warning signs that you, if you are married or soon to be married should be award of if you do not want your marriage to fail and become one of the statistics? There are many reasons people divorce and there are always very unique circumstances around certain divorces. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census taken in 1992, younger people are marrying for the first time and only about 50-60% of these couples? marriages are surviving. That... ... of Denver and PREP Inc. Adults and children are at increased risk for mental and physical problems due to marital distress and divorce. Marital problems are associated with decreased work productivity, especially for men. Married men and women in all age groups are less likely to be limited in activity due to illness than single, separated, or divorced individuals (National Center for Health Statistics, 1997). Also children living with a single parent or adult report a higher percentage of activity limitation and higher rates of disability. They are also more likely to be in poorer health than children who do not come from a divorced family. Think about this before you untie the knot. The dangers that financial problems, lack of communication, and failure to work together as a team can impose on your marriage or future marriage can have devastating effects.

Essay --

â€Å"Life puts obstacles in one’s way for a reason, so you can’t give up when there comes one you can’t fight through.† This quote was once said by a great grandpa to his granddaughter. The main point of the quote is that life is full of challenges and one has to find a way to move around it or defeat it. Kaye Gibbons, an outstanding author, suffers from a disorder call bipolarity. Even though the creative, thinking outside the box, and intelligent author fought through many obstacles throughout her life she still managed to never give up, accomplish her goals, and make the best out of her disorder. Childhood is described as the early stage of existence of something. Bertha Kaye Batt Gibbons was born on May 5, 1960, she lived in an old broken down home that lacked heat and electricity (Snodgrass p35). Kaye was born in Nash County in North Carolina. She was the youngest child of her family; however, she was mainly raised by her grandmother, Martha. Kaye was raised by her grandmother because in March 1970, her mother committed suicide by an overdose of pulse suppressing drug digitals (Snodgrass.p35). Her father was not much better than her mother, because he was a self-beating alcoholic. Kaye’s mother killed herself soon after she found out she was suffering from cyclical bipolarity, which is a manic depression (Snodgrass p35). When Kaye was eight she got put into a foster home because her grandmother was extremely ill and the doctors did not think she was going to make it. A woman named Mary Lee, became Kaye’s selected mother (Snodgrass p35). At the age of twelve Kaye was working in tobacco fields and attending the Childrens Bible Mission Camp at Falls of the Neuse River (Snodgrass p35). Kaye was never one to put herself out ther... ... and make the best out of her disorder. Kaye Gibbons, the woman she had become throughout her childhood years, her struggling adulthood, and now, she had wrote amazing novels even when she was bipolar. In this research, one has learned a million facts about Kaye Gibbons. One learned that it is never too late to keep fighting to accomplish your goals and to make miracles happen. Kaye lived a rough life; however, she managed to pick out positives of her disorder. Even though, she went down hill with the painkillers she was prescribed, and prescribed herself, she put them to the side and lived her bipolar eating life the way she should even if there was an obstacle in her way she still goes around it and fought through it because she knew what the right thing to do was. Til this day, Kaye Gibbons is still writing outstanding novels and putting herself out there.

Development of the Adolescent

Crystal Herring September 3, 2003 Mr. Boyleston English 101 Face it! Reality TV is here to stay. No matter what you do or which channel you try to derail you are eventually going run into to one of those shows that reals you in. It's something that keeps the TV audiences on the edge of their seats with their cliff hanger endings, displays of raw, unbridled emotions, and insane ways people behave for love, money and fifteen minutes of fame. Through the eyes of a classic example of a teenager growing up on MTV's Real World, I see reality TV as an escape from the boring rigors of my own life to then in turn concentrate on omething more exciting and humorous. It's clearly apart of our society, and many others also, that we as Americans thrive on these sort of sitcoms. When we think our lives are at their worst just watch a complete stranger having troubles and it is strangely comforting. Is quality entertainment infact watching people make complete fools of themselves for the soul cost o f being on TV? Well, that is a question which is personally acquired. For me, eating bugs doesn't validate my insecurities and make me feel that I am the bigger, stronger person. Personal acheivements and triumphs definately fill that void for me.So I agree that the producers of these shows can sometimes take them to extreme measures for ratings, but isn't that the purpose? It's a dog eat dog world, survival of the fittest. My response to this is I can simply choose to entertain myself with certain reality shows such as The Real World and hate Fear Factor. That is the beauty of it all. Don't let one bad apple spoil the whole tree. Give a particular show a chance. You could find things in yourself you would personally like to change by seeing flaws in other people and watching this blunt form of reality can really make you realize what kind of eople you like. Reality shows are harmless, entertaining and clearly not going any where any time soon. When you have millions of public viewe rs watching a particular season finale that's entertainment. So until our society doesn't thrive on living vicariously through other's lives, there's no way that anyone can protest enough against reality TV to get rid of this type of mass entertainment. Anti-reality show viewers would have to convince the entire United States of America and many other countries that reality TV is degrading and frivolous. And that, you see, is another show all together.

Effects of Broken Marriage to Children

Effects of Broken Marriage to Children SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE COURSE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BY Marie Julianne I. Reyes CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Generally, most broken marriages are the result of domestic violence in the home, particularly men abused their wives physically and emotionally, and if are children are involved in the marriage, it means they all experience the situation and then, imagine the suffering they had to go through before the marriage finally leads to break up.All these affects the children negatively and often makes them feel unhappy, especially as it as involves detention battle, it’s as if the parent are fighting over the children. As divorce proceeds and it is time for realism. The way the children survive depends on how the parents handled the divorce proceedings. The more stressful, the harder it will be for the children. From time to time, even when the divorce proceeding was less stressful, th e children will suffer emotionally and otherwise and this in turn tends to affect their academic words.In a situation, where by the children love both parents very much makes the divorce even more difficult for them. They have to make a decision to follow one of the parents, either the mother or the father, though, they don’t even know which of them to follow or side without causing sorrow to the other one. Children from Broken Marriage, always have poor results due to the fact that they do not have happy home and there’s no atmosphere for reading. Since they are not always happy, they think a lot about their family. Statement of the ProblemThis term paper seeks to discuss how and why does husband and wife got to the point of separation and how it affects their children. The following questions will answer it: 1. What should couples do before deciding to end a marriage? 2. What are the factors that cause Broken Marriage? 3. How does divorce affect their children? 4. Wh at lies ahead on the future of children who experienced this kind of situation? Importance of the Study All children/teenagers who are in this situation will help them realized that it is not a hindrance for them to give up easily.They will know and learn how to manipulate what they had been experiencing. It can also help ex-husband and wives on how to handle the situation to their children. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The main idea of this study, is the emotion or feelings of children specially teenagers on how they react and how they really affected having a Broken Family. Research Method Used This topic needs to deal with Case and Clinical Studies. In this process, it will help to adjust, to have a treatment and therapy needed by cases studied. Definition of Terms Used 1.Annulment– states that no valid marriage was contracted because the legal requirement of marriage we’re not met. 2. Marriage– is a relationship between husband and wife. 3. Brokenâ₠¬â€œ it can use to describe a marriage that has ended in divorce, or a home in which the parents of the family are divorced, when you think this is a sad or bad thing. 4. Divorce– legal dissolution of marriage; disunion; to put apart. 5. Desertion– when one partner walks out on the other without notice. 6. Separation– when one spouse moves out with notice; legal disunion of married persons.The Body Of The Term Paper Effects of Broken of Broken Marriage to Children â€Å"Until death do us part† is a promise that has been repeated often in the traditional wedding vows. Nevertheless, many couples enter marriage equipped only with hopes and dreams. The knowledge they need to make this her promise come true is often overlooked. They may be convinced that their marriage will endure a lifetime. Marriages are much like any of the other friendships people have. They are strengthened and weakened in many of the same ways. Like friendships, marriages only work with effort.The mixture when two people get together can create any number of challenges, to the point that they want to separate. The factors that causes the couples got separated are because of their differences such as race, religion, nationality and education. Despite all efforts, some marriages do end. Divorce is the most common method. Other marriages are also ended through desertion and annulment. But before deciding to end a marriage, couples should think first what would be the effect of their decision to the people around them most specially to their children.The children are the most affected of the divorce because this can lead them negatively and often makes them feel unhappy. The pain that children go through when it comes to a broken marriage is devastating and the pain is caused only by the parents. A broken home can make a child insecure. Insecure in a sense that he had no longer had a complete family he can call his own and living without either his father or mother wil l create fear and insecurities in him. This feeling of insecurities will even trigger if he is around his friends who are living a normal, happy and complete life.The insecurities, self-doubt and lack of confidence in a child can eventually make him uninterested in school. Sometimes a child’s reaction on his parent’s announcement of a divorce is not visible. He keeps to himself the pain, shock and anger he feels. This in turn makes him vulnerable to anger, depression, revenge, alcohol, crimes, drugs and so on. He makes these as his outlets. Too much depression, alcohol addiction and drug dependency, if left untreated, can make him mentally ill or can turn him into criminal. He may even attempt to kill himself if he can no longer handle all the misfortunes which he thinks is killing him softly.Growing up in a broken home may also cause children to have difficulty in future relationships and cause them to struggle with the issue of trust. The parents should help their ch ildren to adjust to what has happened. They must be guiding their kids by being supportive and positive about the child’s relationship with the other parent. Children need calm; the information should be given at a level they can understand. And the most important thing is†¦ tell each child individually that he or she is not the cause of the divorce and always be loved by both parents.

Police Brutality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police Brutality - Research Paper Example Roberts (2011) pointed that in youtube alone, an e-site containing video records, produced about 497,000 results when "police brutality" is subjected to the search engine. Roberts (2011) described that these videos either depict beaten women, kids and the aged or violent and bloody exaction of testimonies from unwilling suspects. Some testimonies of victims who were able to undergo sad ordeal revealed electrocution; suffocation, psychological torment or threat; emotional shocks; direct physical assault, and the like done by police with psychopathic and sociopath tendencies. Skolnick and Fyfe (1993) explicated that police brutality brought along with it such dehumanizing intent by treating the target with such concealed venality and such degrading impact of violent torture. Roberts (2011) attributed this inhuman way of managing suspects, civilians and victims to militarist treatment as abuse of power. Those who are involved in police brutality tactics are characterized with such nastiness as they were trained to view the public, the people whom they ought to secure, as their enemy. To some extent, some police officers have made policing activity leveled beyond preservation of order into cyclical patterns of injustice as commission of human rights. Often logged without witnesses to corroborate the conduct of brutalities, Bandes (1999) noted that authorities would just label this as an incident which is either isolated, systemic, or part of a larger pattern to suppress a movement. Bandes (1999) explicated that police brutality are often portrayed by court as something anecdotal, fragmented and isolated from institutional pattern (p. 1275) reinforced by causes that could be political, social, psychological and cultural (Bandes, 1999, p. 2). Experts opined that victims of police brutality would have difficulty expressing such unfair victimization because complaints about it are discouraged due to a dearth of evidence, lack of corroborative testimonies, records are expunged, and police records are purposively made inaccessible.

A Business report of British electricity distributor industry Term Paper

A Business report of British electricity distributor industry - Term Paper Example Other than enabling consumers to access electricity, electricity distribution industry also creates employment, enhances investment and promotes economic growth. This report examines the structure of electricity consumption industry, including the firms that make up the industry and their market share. It also explains the reason for the chosen structure. Furthermore, this report analyses the contribution of the electricity distribution industry to the economy. It also provides a critical analysis of sustainability targets on business plan for the industry as well as the factors that contribute competitive advantage for the electricity distribution industry in UK. The market structure of UK electricity distribution industry is an oligopoly. An oligopoly is a market structure which involves the domination of a few firms in an industry, although smaller firms with small market shares may exist in the market. In this case, a few firms may be concentrated. The UK electricity distribution industry consists of six large electricity distributors with a total of 90% market share. The remaining market share is held by smaller networks owned and operated by Independent Network Operators (IDNOs) which operate within the areas covered by the larger firms. The market shares of major British electricity Distribution Networks (DNOs) is divided by regions, as shown in appendix one. Each serves specific region. The six distributors by region include: UK Power Networks, Western Power Distribution, SSE Power Distribution, SP Energy Networks, Northern Powergrid, and Electricity Northwest. In a competition newsletter of 2014, UK Power Networks (UKPN) analysed the market share of its distributors in its designed regions. The newsletter categorised the market share into three: Eastern Power Networks plc (EPN), London Power Networks plc (LPN) and South Eastern Power Networks plc (SPN). The market shares for the three distributors are

"why college education is important to me" Essay

"why college education is important to me" - Essay Example College education is important to me because it facilitates the acquisition of life skills that are gained in the common units. For instance, it is mandatory for students to take social skills classes and critical thinking subjects that help them to develop ideas needed to make life decisions. This improves the self-discipline, study behaviors and career insights as the graduates are focused to achieve their intentions (Gardner 2). Having life skills is essential for me to ensure that I am always positive when attending to different affairs. College education is also important to me because it was my dream to attain a professional degree that will enable me to secure a decent job. It is apparent that college graduates earn good salaries compared to high school graduates and unskilled workers (McMahon16). This will be enough to save for future plans and emergencies that might arise as I seek other avenues of having my own firm. I think acquiring a college education equips one with interpersonal skills of interacting with people from distant regions and backgrounds. Professionals are exposed to a variety of experiences and knowledge in their line of duties and interactions. It is also important for me to acquire a college education in order to be competitive in the global job market. Globalization has facilitated the hiring of labor from across the world and I would wish to be among the skilled workers sought by high performing companies (Bowen 62). I aspire to be an all-rounder employee who understands the requirements of different clients. Attaining this experience of adapting to different organizations requires a person who is capable of accepting people from different diversities. Colleges admit students who observe separate cultures where the sharing of ideas and cultural incorporation take place (Bowen 62). I

The Symbiotic Relationship Between the United States and Britain Essay

The Symbiotic Relationship Between the United States and Britain - Essay Example The Second World War was initially fought on the European Continent and American role was marginal till it came under Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The American masses were generally against participation in a Continental War. The British were facing a crisis of sorts as France was overrun and the Soviet Union came under the throes of the biggest threat ever, Churchill the British Prime Minister was left to Britain’s dogged determination to survive the critical days till America joined the war effort. The incidents leading to Pearl Harbor, America’s reaction to Japan’s surprise attack and British response denote that Churchill had foreseen the eventuality of this strike and declared war against Japan within 24 hours. It was a momentous event and Churchill could not hide his glee at finally drawing America into the Great War, as this tipped the balance in favour of the Allies. (Churchill: 1970). A key event which not only determines the course of the Second World War but also the post-war alliance was drafting of the Atlantic Charter. Churchill had developed a personal rapport with the American President, Roosevelt. Drafting of the Charter was a triumph of Anglo American cooperation. The declaration included provisions as no territorial aggrandizement or changes by the alliance partners, right of people to choose the form of government, fair and equitable distribution of resources and creation of peace and stability within nations as also on the high seas. (Churchill: 1970). The United Nations was thus formed after the war and a number of nations freed from colonial dominance.

Kidney Stones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kidney Stones - Essay Example Men, on the other hand, tend to have complications when passing stones, making their condition known to them. Kidney stones are among many medical conditions that do not have a single, definite cause. Though multiple risk factors have been determined, it has been decided that each individual produces kidney stones for reasons that are specific to the individual body. However, it is understood that kidney stones develop as a result of an excess of calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, which is more than the fluid in the urine can dilute. This causes the urine to become too concentrated. The science behind why excess amounts of these minerals form into kidney stones continues to be researched. The risk factors behind the prevalence of kidney stones include a family history of kidney stones, being an adult, being male, obesity, dehydration, diets high in protein or sodium, and other digestive diseases. Since there are different ways for an individual to form kidney stones, different types of kidney stones have been recognized. Calcium stones form as a result of too much calcium oxalate in the body. This substance is common in many food products and is created regularly by the liver, making calcium stones the most common type of kidney stone (McAninch, 2013). Struvite stones form as the result of an infection in the urinary tract, and tend to be among the largest of kidney stones. Uric acid stones form as a result of an individual not drinking enough fluids or else lose too much fluids, causing the urine to consist primarily of minerals but very little fluid. Cystine stones are caused by a hereditary condition during which the kidneys excrete excessive amounts of the amino acid cystinuria. Regardless of the type or cause of the kidney stones, the symptoms are the same. In most cases, especially among women, a kidney stone does not prompt noticeable symptoms until the stone moves around within the kidney or passes through the ureter, which is the tube that connects the k idney to the bladder. The symptoms associated with the movement and passing of the kidney stone include severe pain below the ribs, pain in the groin and lower abdomen, pain during urination, blood in the urine, foul-smelling or cloudy urine, and frequent urination. If there is an infection that has caused a kidney stone to form, the individual may also experience fever, chills, and nausea. The symptoms of a kidney stone may intensify if the kidney stone shifts in location, such as its movement along the urinary tract. Kidney stones are treated based on what type of stone they are, their size, and where they are located within the body. If the individual has a smaller stone, they are often able to pass it without invasive treatment. In most cases, drinking large quantities of water can help to flush the urinary system, allowing the stone to pass, and over-the-counter pain relievers can decrease the intensity of pain associated with passing stones, especially for men. When needed, me dical therapy is also available in the form of an alpha blocker, which relaxes the ureter muscles (Rose & Post, 2001) and makes passing the kidney stone easier and less painful. When a stone is too large to pass or threatens to cause damage to the kidney or urinary tract, it may be broken up with a procedure known as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, which involves using sound waves to create shock waves that

Evaluative Paper Essay Example for Free

Evaluative Paper Essay The feedback for this report was manifold and required a number of things. First is the creation and rolling out of a comprehensive media policy training program then conducting trainings to include recorded modules which employees can review at any point in time. The Human Resource specific training should include industry best practices, legal compliance (Affirmative Action), and technical systems training. With regards to benchmarking competitors, this is to be done to define a social media policy that aligns with industry standard as well as creating a social media policy and vet through senior management and other applicable staff for approval. The group should establish company profiles through Linked In, Ecademy, and other professional media sites, with the sole aim of maintaining diversity in the site postings. Finally, there needs to be conducted research talent acquisition and management of solution companies, i. e. Hodes IQ. If appropriate, there should be management of transition to automated job posting software. The main essence of this feedback was to ensure the conclusive provision of information with regards to the search for proposals for both the E-Verify and Markets project consultants respectively. The responses captured this essence in the sense that they went ahead to address matters relating to benchmarking competitors to define a social media policy that aligns with industry standard and creating social media policy and vet through senior management and other applicable staff for approval. The report indicates that the last audit of 1-9s and the employee files was conducted mid-last year, on June 30th 2009 by the U. S. Immigration and customs Agency. The report further clarifies that company maintains this information in the online database done by international commercial data handlers and in the local computers in the local office network. By mentioning this, it alludes to the feedback concerning the establishing company profiles through Linked In, Ecademy, and other professional media sites and maintaining diversity in the site postings is key. Other aspects that address the feedback include mentioning that the main contract of technical difficulties is the director of the technology department within our companies. This person handles all the data concerning the company and it is the same person who is responsible for any technical hitch that may come up. On the issue of managing transition to automated job posting software, it is noted that over the years, there have been many cases of ghost workers. These are imaginary workers who paid by the company yet they do not benefit the company in any way. It is due to this reason that an e-verification was established at the company. In addition, there is a requirement by the law and it is necessary to adhere to it. This will be applied to all those new hiring that to be made in the company. The report was inclusive of important aspects and in that aspects, captured the two groups’, A and B, essence. This feedback provides a clear view of the right way in which the proposals were meant to be written. Receiving it means that there are areas that need polishing and therefore it gives a sense of accomplishment to know that this has been completed.

Digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Microcontroller Computer Science Essay

Digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Microcontroller Computer Science Essay A voltmeter finds its importance wherever voltage is to be measured. A  voltmeter  is an instrument used for measuring the  electrical potential  difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit. General purpose analog voltmeters may have an accuracy of a few per cent of full scale, and are used with voltages from a fraction of a volt to several thousand volts. Digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of analog to digital converter. Digital meters can be made with high accuracy, typically better than 1%. Specially calibrated test instruments have higher accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters using  amplifiers  can measure tiny voltages of micro-volts or less. Digital voltmeters (DVMs) are usually designed around a special type of  analog-to-digital converter  called an  integrating converter. Voltmeter accuracy is affected by many factors, including temperature and supply voltage variations. To ensure that a digital voltmeters reading is within the manufacturers specified tolerances, they should be periodically calibrated. Digital voltmeters necessarily have input amplifiers, and, like vacuum tube voltmeters, generally have a constant input resistance of 10 mega-ohms regardless of set measurement range. This project aims at building a Digital Voltmeter using an 8051 microcontroller. All the data accessed and processed by the microcontroller is the digital data. And thus, the usage of an analog-to-digital converter finds its necessity here. A standard analog-to-digital converter ADC0804 is used in the current project. The input voltage (which is the analog input) is restricted to be in the range of 0-15V. The processed data in the 8051 is used to drive a display output on a LCD display unit. The display is in the form of digits and is accurate to a value of one decimal. The input voltage is desired to be that of a DC voltage for steady observations of the voltage value on the LCD panel. Rather, if an AC input voltage is given at the input terminals, the output varies indefinitely as is the nature of AC voltage. Thus, the instantaneous value of the AC voltage is not steadily shown on the LCD panel. COMPONENTS Following is the entire set of the components used to build the Digital Voltmeter: Microcontroller, AT89S52 Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC0804 161 LCD Oscillator circuit for the microcontroller 12MHz Crystal Capacitor 33pF Capacitors Voltage divider circuit/ Input terminals 200k, 100k Resistors 100nF Capacitor ADC Clock Circuit 10k Resistor 150pF Capacitor 100k Potentiometer (to adjust the back-light of the LCD) Description of the Components used Microcontroller, AT89S52 Æ’Â   The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin-out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset. Pin configuration of the AT89S52 is as follows: 40-Lead PDIP VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming) P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming) Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table. Alternate functions of port 3, P3.0 RXD (serial input port) P3.1 TXD (serial output port) P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input) P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe) RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DIS-RTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Memory Organisation, Program Memory: If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S51, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 1000H through FFFFH are directed to external memory. Data Memory: The AT89S51 implements 128 bytes of on-chip RAM. The 128 bytes are accessible via direct and indirect addressing modes. Stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space. Interrupts: The AT89S51 has a total of five interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), two timer interrupts (Timers 0 and 1), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. ADC0804 Æ’Â   The ADC080X family are CMOS 8-Bit, successive approximation A/D converters which use a modified potentiometric ladder and are designed to operate with the 8080A control bus via three-state outputs. These converters appear to the processor as memory locations or I/O ports, and hence no interfacing logic is required. The differential analog voltage input has good common-mode-rejection and permits offsetting the analog zero input voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be adjusted to a low encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution. The functional diagram of the ADC080X series of A/D converters operates on the successive approximation principle. Analog switches are closed sequentially by successive-approximation logic until the analog differential input voltage [VlN(+) VlN(-)] matches a voltage derived from a tapped resistor string across the reference voltage. The most significant bit is tested first and after 8 comparisons (64 clock cycles), an 8- bit binary code (1111 1111 = full scale) is transferred to an output latch. The normal operation proceeds as follows. On the high-to-low transition of the WR input, the internal SAR latches and the shift-register stages are reset, and the INTR output will be set high. As long as the CS input and WR input remain low, the A/D will remain in a reset state. Conversion will start from 1 to 8 clock periods after at least one of these inputs makes a low to high transition. After the requisite number of clock pulses to complete the conversion, the INTR pin will make a high- to-low transition. This can be used to interrupt a processor, or otherwise signal the availability of a new conversion. A RD operation (with CS low) will clear the INTR line high again. The device may be operated in the free-running mode connecting INTR to the WR input with CS = 0. To ensure start-up under all possible conditions, an external WR pulse is required during the first power-up cycle. A conversion in process can be interrupted by issuing a second start command. Digital Operation The converter is started by having CS and WR simultaneously low. This sets the start flip-flop (F/F) and the resulting 1 level resets the 8-bit shift register, resets the Interrupt (INTR) F/F and inputs a 1 to the D flip-flop, DFF1, which is at the input end of the 8-bit shift register. Internal clock signals then transfer this 1 to the Q output of DFF1. The AND gate, G1, combines this 1 output with a clock signal to provide a reset signal to the start F/F. If the set signal is no longer present (either WR or CS is a 1), the start F/F is reset and the 8-bit shift register then can have the 1 clocked in, which starts the conversion process. If the set signal were to still be present, this reset pulse would have no effect (both outputs of the start F/F would be at a 1 level) and the 8-bit shift register would continue to be held in the reset mode. This allows for asynchronous or wide CS and WR signals. After the 1 is clocked through the 8-bit shift register (which completes the SAR ope ration) it appears as the input to DFF2. As soon as this 1 is output from the shift register, the AND gate, G2, causes the new digital word to transfer to the Three-State output latches. When DFF2 is subsequently clocked, the Q output makes a high-to-low transition which causes the INTR F/F to set. An inverting buffer then supplies the INTR output signal. When data is to be read, the combination of both CS and RD being low will cause the INTR F/F to be reset and the three state output latches will be enabled to provide the 8-bit digital outputs. Digital Control Inputs The digital control inputs (CS, RD, and WR) meet standard TTL logic voltage levels. These signals are essentially equivalent to the standard A/D Start and Output Enable control signals, and are active low to allow an easy interface to microprocessor control busses. For non-microprocessor based applications, the CS input (pin 1) can be grounded and the standard A/D Start function obtained by an active low pulse at the WR input (pin 3). The Output Enable function is achieved by an active low pulse at the RD input (pin 2). Analog Operation The analog comparisons are performed by a capacitive charge summing circuit. Three capacitors (with precise ratioed values) share a common node with the input to an autozeroed comparator. The input capacitor is switched between VlN(+) and VlN(-), while two ratioed reference capacitors are switched between taps on the reference voltage divider string. The net charge corresponds to the weighted difference between the input and the current total value set by the successive approximation register. A correction is made to offset the comparison by 1/2 LSB. Analog Differential Voltage Inputs and Common- Mode Rejection This A/D gains considerable applications flexibility from the analog differential voltage input. The VlN(-) input (pin 7) can be used to automatically subtract a fixed voltage value from the input reading (tare correction). This is also useful in 4mA 20mA current loop conversion. In addition, common-mode noise can be reduced by use of the differential input. The time interval between sampling VIN(+) and VlN(-) is 41/2 clock periods. There is maximum error voltage due to this slight time difference between the input voltage samples. The allowed range of analog input voltage usually places more severe restrictions on input common-mode voltage levels than this. An analog input voltage with a reduced span and a relatively large zero offset can be easily handled by making use of the differential input. Analog Input Current The internal switching action causes displacement currents to flow at the analog inputs. The voltage on the on-chip capacitance to ground is switched through the analog differential input voltage, resulting in proportional currents entering the VIN(+) input and leaving the VIN(-) input. These current transients occur at the leading edge of the internal clocks. They rapidly decay and do not inherently cause errors as the on-chip comparator is strobed at the end of the clock period. Input Bypass Capacitors Bypass capacitors at the inputs will average these charges and cause a DC current to flow through the output resistances of the analog signal sources. This charge pumping action is worse for continuous conversions with the VIN(+) input voltage at full scale. For a 640kHz clock frequency with the VIN(+) input at 5V, this DC current is at a maximum of approximately 5uA. Therefore, bypass capacitors should not be used at the analog inputs or the VREF/2 pin for high resistance sources (>1kOhm.) If input bypass capacitors are necessary for noise filtering and high source resistance is desirable to minimize capacitor size, the effects of the voltage drop across this input resistance, due to the average value of the input current, can be compensated by a full scale adjustment while the given source resistor and input bypass capacitor are both in place. This is possible because the average value of the input current is a precise linear function of the differential input voltage at a constant conversion rate. Input Source Resistance Large values of source resistance where an input bypass capacitor is not used will not cause errors since the input currents settle out prior to the comparison time. If a low-pass filter is required in the system, use a low-value series resistor for a passive RC section or add an op amp RC active low-pass filter. For low-source-resistance applications, a 0.1uF bypass capacitor at the inputs will minimize EMI due to the series lead inductance of a long wire. A 100Ohm series resistor can be used to isolate this capacitor (both the R and C are placed outside the feedback loop) from the output of an op amp, if used. Stray Pickup The leads to the analog inputs (pins 6 and 7) should be kept as short as possible to minimize stray signal pickup (EMI). Both EMI and undesired digital-clock coupling to these inputs can cause system errors. The source resistance for these inputs should, in general, be kept below 5kÃŽÂ ©. Larger values of source resistance can cause undesired signal pickup. Input bypass capacitors, placed from the analog inputs to ground, will eliminate this pickup but can create analog scale errors as these capacitors will average the transient input switching currents of the A/D (see Analog Input Current). This scale error depends on both a large source resistance and the use of an input bypass capacitor. This error can be compensated by a full scale adjustment of the A/D (see Full Scale Adjustment) with the source resistance and input bypass capacitor in place, and the desired conversion rate. Reference Voltage Span Adjust For maximum application flexibility, these A/Ds have been designed to accommodate a 5V, 2.5V or an adjusted voltage reference. This has been achieved in the design of the IC. Notice that the reference voltage for the IC is either 1/2 of the voltage which is applied to the V+ supply pin, or is equal to the voltage which is externally forced at the VREF/2 pin. This allows for a pseudo-ratiometric voltage reference using, for the V+ supply, a 5V reference voltage. Alternatively, a voltage less than 2.5V can be applied to the VREF/2 input. The internal gain to the VREF/2 input is 2 to allow this factor of 2 reduction in the reference voltage. Zero Error The zero of the A/D does not require adjustment. If the minimum analog input voltage value, VlN(MlN), is not ground, a zero offset can be done. The converter can be made to output 0000 0000 digital code for this minimum input voltage by biasing the A/D VIN(-) input at this VlN(MlN) value. This utilizes the differential mode operation of the A/D. The zero error of the A/D converter relates to the location of the first riser of the transfer function and can be measured by grounding the VIN(-) input and applying a small magnitude positive voltage to the VIN(+) input. Zero error is the difference between the actual DC input voltage which is necessary to just cause an output digital code transition from 0000 0000 to 0000 0001 and the ideal 1/2 LSB value (1/2 LSB = 9.8mV for VREF/2 = 2.500V). Full Scale Adjust The full scale adjustment can be made by applying a differential input voltage which is 11/2 LSB down from the desired analog full scale voltage range and then adjusting the magnitude of the VREF/2 input (pin 9) for a digital output code which is just changing from 1111 1110 to 1111 1111. When offsetting the zero and using a span-adjusted VREF/2 voltage, the full scale adjustment is made by inputting VMlN to the VIN(-) input of the A/D and applying a voltage to the VIN(+) input. Clocking Option The clock for the A/D can be derived from an external source such as the CPU clock or an external RC network can be added to provide self-clocking. The CLK IN (pin 4) makes use of a Schmitt trigger. Heavy capacitive or DC loading of the CLK R pin should be avoided as this will disturb normal converter operation. Loads less than 50pF, such as driving up to 7 A/D converter clock inputs from a single CLK R pin of 1 converter, are allowed. For larger clock line loading, a CMOS or low power TTL buffer or PNP input logic should be used to minimize the loading on the CLK R pin (do not use a standard TTL buffer). Restart During a Conversion If the A/D is restarted (CS and WR go low and return high) during a conversion, the converter is reset and a new conversion is started. The output data latch is not updated if the conversion in progress is not completed. The data from the previous conversion remain in this latch. Continuous Conversions In this application, the CS input is grounded and the WR input is tied to the INTR output. This WR and INTR node should be momentarily forced to logic low following a power-up cycle to insure circuit operation. Interfacing the Microcontroller Interfacing the ADC0804 with 8051 Æ’Â   As shown in the typica circuit, ADC0804 can be interfaced with any microcontroller. A minimum of 11 pins are required to interface the ADC0804, eight for data pins and 3 for control pins. As shown in the typical circuit the chip select pin can be made low if you are not using the microcontroller port for any other  peripheral  (multiplexing). There is a  universal  rule to find out how to use an IC. All we need is the datasheet of the IC we are working with and a look at the  timing diagram  of the IC which shows how to send the data, which signal to assert and at what time  the signal  should be made high or low, etc. Timing Diagrams, Pin Description 1.  Ã‚  CS, Chip Select: This is an active low pin and used to activate the ADC0804. 2.  Ã‚  RD, Read: This is an input pin and active low. After converting the analog data, the ADC stores the result in an internal register. This pin is used to get the data out of the ADC 0804 chip. When CS=0 high to low pulse is given to this pin, the digital output is shown on the pins D0-D7. 3.  Ã‚  WR, Write: This is an input pin and active low. This is used to instruct the ADC to start the conversion process. If CS=0 and WR makes a low to high transition, the ADC starts the conversion process. 4.  Ã‚  CLK IN, Clock IN: This is an input pin connected to an external clock source. 5.  Ã‚  INTR, Interrupt: This is an active low output pin. This pin goes low when the conversion is over. 6.   Vin+ : Analog Input . 7.   Vin- : Analog Input. Connected to ground. 8.  Ã‚  AGND: Analog Ground. 9.  Ã‚  Vref/2: This pin is used to set the reference voltage. If this is not connected the default reference voltage is 5V. In some application it is required to reduce the step size. This can be done by using this pin. 10.   DGND: Digital Ground. 11-18. Output Data Bits (D7-D0). 19. CLKR: Clock Reset. 20. Vcc: Positive Supply The above timing diagrams are from ADC0804 datasheet. The first diagram shows how to start a conversion. Also you can see which signals are to be asserted and at what time to start a conversion. So looking into the timing diagram  we note down the steps or say the order in which signals are to be asserted to start a conversion of ADC. As we have decided to make Chip select pin as low so we need not to bother about the CS signal in the  timing diagram. Below steps are for starting an ADC conversion. I am also including CS signal to give you a clear picture. While programming we will not use this signal. Make chip select (CS) signal low. Make write (WR) signal low. Make chip select (CS) high. Wait for INTR pin to go low (means conversion ends). Once the conversion in ADC is done, the data is available in the output latch of the ADC. Looking at the second diagram, which shows the  timing diagram  of  how to read  the converted value from the output latch of the ADC, data of the new conversion is only available for reading after ADC0804 made INTR pin low or say when the conversion is over. Below are the steps to read output from the ADC0804. Make chip select (CS) pin low. Make read (RD) signal low. Read the data from port where ADC is connected. Make read (RD) signal high. Make chip select (CS) high. Interfacing the LCD with 8051 Æ’Â   Pin Information of LCD: Pin No Name Description 1 Vss Ground 2 Vdd +5V 3 Vee Contrast Adjustment -2V to -5V 4 RS Register Select 5 RW 1 -Read , 0- Write 6 E Enable Strobe 7 D0 Data Line 8 D1 Data Line 9 D2 Data Line 10 D3 Data Line 11 D4 Data Line 12 D5 Data Line 13 D6 Data Line 14 D7 Data Line 15 LED+ Backlit LED +V   Vdd (Optional signal) 16 LED- Backlit LED -V   Vss (Optional signal) Algorithm to send data to LCD: 1.Make R/W low 2.Make RS=0 ;if data byte is command RS=1 ;if data byte is data (ASCII value) 3.Place data byte on data register 4.Pulse E (HIGH to LOW) 5.Repeat the steps to send another data byte LCD Initialization: Proper working of LCD depend on the how the LCD is initialized. We have to send few command bytes to initialize the LCD. Simple steps to initialize the LCD Specify function set: Send  38H  for 8-bit, double line and 57 dot character format. Display On-Off control: Send  0FH  for display and blink cursor on. Entry mode set: Send  06H  for cursor in increment position and shift is invisible. Clear display: Send  01H  to clear display and return cursor to home position. Writing software: The LCD module is an intelligent component. We communicate to LCD module by sending commands from microcontroller. To write data to LCD module separate sequence is followed for 4 bit and 8 bit mode. Writing command for 8 Bit mode: Write 8 bit data on D0-D7 Generate strobe by taking EN from high to low Writing command for 4 Bit mode: Write 4 bit data (upper nibble) on D4-D7 Generate strobe by taking EN from high to low Write 4 bit data (lower nibble) on D4-D7 Generate strobe by taking EN from high to low LCD Commands:   Instruction RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Description NOP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Operation Clear Display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Clear Display and Address counter = 0 Cursor Home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x Address counter = 0 Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S Set cursor direction(I/D) and auto display shift (S) Display Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B Turn display (D) and cursor (C) ON/OFF. Set cursor blinking(B) Cursor/ Display shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 S R/L x x Shift display/cursor (S), specify direction (R/L) Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x Set Interface data width (DL), number of display lines (N), character font (F) Set CGRAM Address 0 0 0 1 Set CGRAM address (D0-D5), CGRAM data is sent after this command Set DDRAM Address 0 0 1 Set DDRAM address (D0-D6), DDRAM data is sent after this command Busy Flag and Address 0 1 BF Read busy flag (BF) and address counter(D0-D6) Write Data 1 0 Write data (D0-D7) into DDRAM/CGRAM Read Data 1 1 Read data (D0-D7) from DDRAM/CGRAM Legends used in table:- I/D:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Increment, 0- Decrement S:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Auto Display shift, 0 No display shift D:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Display ON, 0 Display OFF C:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Cursor ON, 0- Cursor OFF B:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Cursor blinking ON, 0 Cursor blinking OFF S:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Display Shift, 0 -Cursor move R/L:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Shift right, 0- Shift left DL:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- 8 bit interface, 0- 4 bit interface N:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- 2 lines, 0- 1 line F:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- 5X10 dots font, 0- 5X7 dots f